Greenhouse Gas Emission and Energy Consumption in Wastewater Treatment Plants: Impact of Operating Parameters          下载免费PDF全文

Omid Ashrafi  Laleh Yerushalmi  Fariborz Haghighat 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2014,42(3):207-220

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Large wood budget and transport dynamics on a large river using radio telemetry          下载免费PDF全文

Edward R. Schenk  Bertrand Moulin  Cliff R. Hupp  Jean M. Richter 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2014,39(4):487-498

Despite the abundance of large wood (LW) river studies there is still a lack of understanding of LW transport dynamics on large low gradient rivers. This study used 290 radio frequency identification tagged (RFID) LW and 54 metal (aluminum) tagged LW, to quantify the percent of in‐channel LW that moves per year and what variables play a role in LW transport dynamics. Aluminum tags were installed and monitored on LW in‐transit during the rising limb of a flood, the mean distance traveled by those pieces during the week was 13.3 river kilometers (km) with a maximum distance of 72 km. RFID tagged LW moved a mean of 11.9 km/yr with a maximum observed at 101.1 km/yr. Approximately 41% of LW low on the bank moves per year. The high rate of transport and distance traveled is likely due to the lack of interaction between LW floating in the channel and the channel boundaries, caused primarily by the width of the channel relative to length of the LW. Approximately 80% of the RFID tags moved past a fixed reader during the highest 20% of river stage per year. LW transport and logjam dynamics are complicated at high flows as pieces form temporary jams that continually expand and contract. Unlike most other studies, key members that create a logjam were defined more by stability than jam size or channel/hydrologic conditions. Finally, using an existing geomorphic database for the river, and data from this study, we were able to develop a comprehensive LW budget showing that 5% of the in‐channel LW population turns over each year (input from mass wasting and fluvial erosion equals burial, decomposition, and export out of system) and another 16% of the population moving within the system. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.  相似文献   

Morphological responses and sediment processes following a typhoon‐induced dam failure,Dahan River,Taiwan          下载免费PDF全文

Desiree Tullos  Hsiao‐Wen Wang 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2014,39(2):245-258

The rates and styles of channel adjustments following an abrupt and voluminous sediment pulse are investigated in the context of site and valley characteristics and time‐varying sediment transport regimes. Approximately 10.5 x 10⁶ m³ of stored gravel and sand was exposed when Barlin Dam failed during Typhoon WeiPa in 2007. The dam was located on the Dahan River, Taiwan, a system characterized by steep river gradients, typhoon‐ and monsoon‐driven hydrology, high, episodic sediment supply, and highly variable hydraulic conditions. Topography, bulk sediment samples, aerial photos, and simulated hydraulic conditions are analyzed to investigate temporal and spatial patterns in morphology and likely sediment transport regimes. Results document the rapid response of the reservoir and downstream channel, which occurred primarily through incision and adjustment of channel gradient. Hydraulic simulations illustrate how the dominant sediment transport regime likely varies between study periods with sediment yield and caliber and with the frequency and duration of high flows. Collectively, results indicate that information on variability in sediment transport regime, valley configuration, and distance from the dam is needed to explain the rate and pattern of morphological changes across study periods. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

四川数字测震台网震级偏差分析     

吴微微  苏金蓉  魏娅玲 《地震地磁观测与研究》2014,(3):112-117

为了提高震级测定值的稳定性,保证地震资料产出质量,利用四川数字测震台网2008年10月-2012年4月 MS ≥4．0近震记录,分析造成震级偏差的原因,并总结四川测震台网单台震级偏差分布特征。  相似文献   

基于断裂力学和有限元的碾压混凝土坝劈头裂缝扩展的应力计算研究     

毛海涛  ;王晓菊  ;张学林  ;姜海波 《地震学刊》2014,(6):764-770

混凝土坝的劈头裂缝属于断裂力学中描述的张开型（I型）裂缝。劈头裂缝应力计算中,强度因子KI和材料开裂韧度KIC是判断劈头裂缝扩展的关键参数。采用断裂力学的基本理论推导裂缝应力计算的基本公式,并借助有限元来确定强度因子和材料开裂韧度,对寒冷地区实际工程坝体裂缝进行计算,得出运行期4日型寒潮期和不同运行时段的温度裂缝长度和强度因子。通过对比发现,计算结果与大坝运行期不同工况裂缝的实际情况相符合,验证了方法的正确性。  相似文献   

Large-scale shaking table model tests of aseismic measures for concrete faced rock-fill dams     

《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2014

The aseismic design of concrete faced rock-fill dams (CFRDs) has become vitally important in recent years. A series of 1-g large-scale shaking table model tests were conducted, applying similitude laws to evaluate the effectiveness of various aseismic measures. The following four reinforcing measures are discussed in this study: reinforcing the top zone with geogrid, protecting the downstream slope surface using stone block, replacing the top zone of the dam with cemented rock-fill material or concrete layers. The failure developments were visualised using the particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique. The mechanisms of these reinforcement measures were analysed in detail. The effectiveness of these measures was evaluated by comparing the crest settlement rates and key accelerations corresponding to surface grain yield, slab fracture and slab dislocation. Based on the model test results, a combination of reinforcement measures was proposed for the prototype CFRDs.  相似文献   

Dynamic analysis of earth dam damaged by the 2011 Off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake     

《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2014

This study examines possible failure mechanisms and dynamic behavior of the Fujinuma dam, which failed following the 2011 Off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake. The study comprises two parts: an investigation through field and laboratory experiments, and a numerical simulation of the dam. Field measurements and laboratory experiments were conducted to acquire necessary information. Microtremor observations of the surviving portion of the failed dam were performed to extract data from its dynamic characteristics. Triaxial and other laboratory tests provided information required for the analysis. For the seismic analysis, a coupled solid–fluid finite element method was applied and observed and simulated motions of the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake used as input. Mechanical behavior of the dam material was described using the Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion. Frequency and dynamic analyses were performed and dam behavior and possible failure phenomena presented. Furthermore, a comparison between the simulation results and existing facts is discussed.  相似文献   

A numerical study on the 2D behavior of clayey basins     

《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2014

In this numerical study the effects of basin edge on the dynamic behavior of the clayey basins are investigated. For this purpose a range of bedrock inclinations at the valley sides from slighter 10° and 20° to steeper 30° and 40°, and three types of stiff, medium plasticity and soft clay materials are selected. The results of the 2D analyses show that not only the amplification pattern of different clay types is different, but also it differs for each material type under different motion intensities. Also, the frequency domain results show that different parts of the valleys are sensitive to different periods. It was seen that under two-dimensional conditions the amplification of clay types other than soft clay could be higher. Finally, the results of this research show the important effect of motion intensity on the 2D behavior of valleys.  相似文献   

多地貌单元复合场地非线性地震效应特征二维分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

金丹丹  陈国兴  董菲蕃 《岩土力学》2014,35(6):1818-1824

针对由河漫滩、阶地、波状起伏的丘陵地带和残丘等组成的典型复合地形场地,基于ABAQUS软件的显式有限元并行计算集群平台,考虑土体的非线性特征,采用黏弹性人工边界模拟切除的无限域对地震波动的影响,建立了大尺度复合地形真实场地的二维有限元模型,并将基岩地震动视为SH波,分析了不同地貌单元复合场地地震效应特征。结果表明：地形差异引起地表各测点峰值加速度(PGA)及峰值位移(PGD)不同;在相同地震波入射下,河漫滩区地表PGA大于Ⅰ级阶地区域,但其PGD明显小于Ⅰ级阶地区域,且河漫滩区的峰值位移差动较小;场地地表水平加速度反应谱呈双峰及多峰现象,加速度在0.4～1.2 Hz频段放大较多,且加速度反应谱特性与输入地震动相关;特定频段（0.5～1.75 Hz）地震动放大效应与聚集效应比较明显,频率小于0.2 Hz及大于2 Hz时,场地地震动放大特征不显著。低丘区的敏感频率段宽于河漫滩区;观测点的位置影响相应的水平加速度持时大小,局部地形变化将引起地震动持时差异,且持时和输入地震动特性相关。  相似文献   

峡谷区重力坝岸坡坝段动力稳定性评估方法     

王超  张社荣  于茂 《岩土力学》2014,35(5):1383-1390

从概率的观点出发,结合确定性矢量和安全系数方法,对设计基准期内随机地震条件下的重力坝岸坡坝段动力抗滑稳定性评估方法问题进行了初步探讨。首先,基于确定性动力时程分析法,得出坝段抗滑矢量和安全度时程曲线,评价一次确定性设计地震作用下的坝体稳定;然后,考虑基准期设计烈度下地震的随机性,进行坝体动力稳定的可靠度分析。通过Gram-Charlier级数拟合法和随机加权最大熵法,得到坝体动力稳定安全度时变曲线中最小值的概率分布函数及其动力可靠度;最后,结合确定性和概率性分析结果,综合评价设计基准期内地震作用下的坝体抗滑稳定性。工程实例分析结果表明,采用确定性与概率性结合的互补方法,能够进一步认识动力稳定分析中安全裕度的合理性评价问题,进而更加合理地评估整个设计基准期内重力坝的动力抗滑稳定性。  相似文献